Law, Non-Profit Organizations, and Standards of Care free essay sample

A conversation on whether a lower standard of care is anticipated from non-benefit associations when contrasted with business ventures inside the legitimate field of tort. Since the commencement of law, various lawful cases have been brought against non-benefit associations. The lawful field of tort has additionally observed a lot of non-benefit associations brought into claims. Utilizing cases from the Commonwealth purviews (Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and UK), the paper shows that a lower standard of care should be anticipated from non-benefit associations. It first spreads out the contentions that dismiss a lower standard of care and afterward disposes of these contentions, expressing that it is just down to earth and consistent that a lower standard of care be normal. In the wake of completing this exploration paper, it is my firm feeling that a better quality of care should be anticipated from business undertakings contrasted and not revenue driven associations. It is simply and reasonable this is along these lines, as appeared by the contentions set out above. We will compose a custom paper test on Law, Non-Profit Organizations, and Standards of Care or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Not revenue driven associations by and large face greater expenses contrasted with business endeavors and they fill an increasingly altruistic need that places the benefit of society above whatever else. The standard of care for non-benefit associations should be a sensible one. It ought to be lower than that normal of a business venture yet it can't be so low as to overcome the point of equity.

The First Battle of the Marne

The First Battle of the Marne From September 6-12, 1914, only one month into World War I, the First Battle of the Marne occurred only 30 miles upper east of Paris in the Marne River Valley of France. Following the Schlieffen Plan, the Germans had been moving quickly toward Paris when the French arranged an unexpected assault that started the First Battle of the Marne. The French, with the guide of some British soldiers, effectively stopped the German development and the two sides dove in. The subsequent channels turned into the first of numerous that described the remainder of World War I. On account of their misfortune at the Battle of the Marne, the Germans, presently stuck in sloppy, bleeding channels, couldn't take out the second front of World War I; in this way, the war was to a years ago as opposed to months. World War I Begins Upon the death of Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28, 1914, by a Serbian, Austria-Hungary authoritatively pronounced war on Serbia on July 28-a month to the day from the assassination. Serbian partner Russia at that point proclaimed war on Austria-Hungary. Germany then hopped into the approaching fight at the resistance of Austria-Hungary. And France, who had a collusion with Russia, likewise joined the war. World War I had started. Germany, who was actually in the center of this, was in a quandary. To battle France in the west and Russia in the east, Germany would need to partition its soldiers and assets and afterward send them in isolated ways. This would make the Germans have a debilitated situation on the two fronts. Germany had been apprehensive this may occur. Hence, years before World War I, they had made an arrangement for simply such a possibility the Schlieffen Plan. The Schlieffen Plan The Schlieffen Plan was created in the mid twentieth century by German Count Albert von Schlieffen, head of the German Great General Staff from 1891 to 1905. The arrangement planned to end a two-front war as fast as could be expected under the circumstances. Schlieffen’s plan included speed and Belgium. Around then ever, the French had vigorously strengthened their outskirt with Germany; hence it would take months, if not longer, for the Germans to attempt to get through those protections. They required a quicker arrangement. Schlieffen pushed dodging these fortresses by attacking France from the north by means of Belgium. However, the ambush needed to happen rapidly before the Russians could accumulate their powers and assault Germany from the east. The drawback of Schlieffen’s plan was that Belgium was around then still an unbiased nation; an immediate assault would carry Belgium into the war on the Allies. The positive of the arrangement was that a snappy triumph over France would carry a quick end toward the Western Front and afterward Germany could move the entirety of its assets toward the east in their battle with Russia. Toward the start of World War I, Germany chose to take its risks and put the Schlieffen Plan, with a couple of changes, into effect. Schlieffen had determined that the arrangement would take just 42 days to finish. The Germans went to Paris by means of Belgium. The March to Paris The French, obviously, attempted to stop the Germans. They tested the Germans along the French-Belgian fringe in the Battle of Frontiers. In spite of the fact that this effectively eased back the Germans down, the Germans at last got through and proceeded with southward toward the French capital of Paris.â As the Germans propelled, Paris prepared itself for an attack. On September 2, the French government emptied to the city of Bordeaux, leaving French General Joseph-Simon Gallieni as the new military legislative leader of Paris, responsible for the resistance of the city. As the Germans progressed quickly toward Paris, the German First and Second Armies (drove by Generals Alexander von Kluck and Karl von Bã ¼low separately) were following equal ways southward, with the First Army a little toward the west and the Second Army a piece toward the east. Despite the fact that Kluck and Bã ¼low had been coordinated to move toward Paris as a unit, supporting each other, Kluck got diverted when he detected simple prey. Rather than following requests and making a beeline for Paris, Kluck picked rather to seek after the depleted, withdrawing French Fifth Army, drove by General Charles Lanrezac. Kluck’s interruption not exclusively didn't transform into a speedy and conclusive triumph, yet it additionally made a hole between the German First and Second Armies and uncovered the First Army’s right flank, leaving them helpless to a French counterattack. On September 3, Kluck’s First Army crossed the Marne River and entered the Marne River Valley. The Battle Begins Regardless of Gallieni’s some very late arrangements inside the city, he realized that Paris couldn’t withstand an attack for long; hence, after learning of Kluck’s new developments, Gallieni asked the French military to dispatch an unexpected assault before the Germans arrived at Paris. Head of the French General Staff Joseph Joffre had the very same thought. It was an open door that couldn’t be left behind, regardless of whether it was a shockingly idealistic arrangement notwithstanding the continuous monstrous retreat from northern France. Troops on the two sides were totally and totally depleted from the long and quick walk south. Nonetheless, the French had a bit of leeway in the way that as they had withdrawn south, closer to Paris, their gracefully lines had abbreviated; while the Germans’ flexibly lines had gotten extended slight. On September 6, 1914, the 37th day of the German crusade, the Battle of the Marne started. The French Sixth Army, drove by General Michel Maunoury, assaulted Germany’s First Army from the west. Enduring an onslaught, Kluck swung significantly further west, away from the German Second Army, to go up against the French assailants. This made a 30-mile hole between the German First and Second Armies. Kluck’s First Army about vanquished the French’s Sixth when, in the scratch in time, the French got 6,000 fortifications from Paris, brought to the front by means of 630 cabs the absolute first car transport of troops during the war ever. In the mean time, the French Fifth Army, presently drove by General Louis Franchet d’Esperey (who had supplanted Lanrezac), and Field Marshal John French’s British soldiers (who consented to participate in the fight simply after a whole lot asking) pushed up into the 30-mile hole that separated the German First and Second Armies. The French Fifth Army at that point assaulted Bã ¼low’s Second Army. Mass disarray inside the German armed force followed. For the French, what started as a move of franticness wound up as a wild achievement, and the Germans started to be pushed back.â The Digging of Trenches By September 9, 1914, it was obvious that the German development had been ended by the French. Intending to dispose of this hazardous hole between their armed forces, the Germans started to withdraw, pulling together 40 miles toward the upper east, on the outskirt of the Aisne River.â German Chief of the Great General Staff Helmuth von Moltke was embarrassed by this sudden change in course and endured an anxious breakdown. As an outcome, the retreat was taken care of by Moltke’s auxiliaries, making the German powers pull back at a much more slow pace than they had advanced.â The procedure was additionally hampered by the misfortune in interchanges between the divisions and a rainstorm on September 11 that went everything to mud, hindering man and pony the same. At long last, it took the Germans an aggregate of three entire days to retreat.â By September 12, the fight had formally finished, and the German divisions were totally migrated to the banks of the Aisne River where they started regrouping. Moltke, right away before he was supplanted, gave one of the most significant requests of the war-â€Å"The lines so arrived freely be sustained and defended.†1 The German soldiers started burrowing channels. The procedure of channel burrowing took almost two months however was still just intended to be a transitory measure against French retaliation. Instead, gone were the times of open fighting; the two sides stayed inside these underground nests until the finish of the war. Channel fighting, started at the First Battle of the Marne, would come to corner the remainder of World War I. The Toll of the Battle of the Marne At long last, the Battle of the Marne was a grisly fight. Setbacks (both those slaughtered and injured) for the French powers are generally assessed around 250,000 men; losses for the Germans, who had no official count, are evaluated to be around the equivalent number. The British lost 12,733.â The First Battle of the Marne was effective in stopping the German development to hold onto Paris; in any case, it is additionally one of the principle reasons that the war proceeded past the purpose of beginning brief projections. According to student of history Barbara Tuchman, in her book The Guns of August, The Battle of the Marne was one of the definitive clashes of the world not on the grounds that it established that Germany would in the long run lose or the Allies at last win the war but since it verified that the war would go on.2 The Second Battle of the Marne The region of the Marne River Valley would be returned to with huge scope fighting in July 1918 when German General Erich von Ludendorff endeavored one of the last German offensives of the war.â This endeavored advance got known as the Second Battle of the Marne however was quickly ended by Allied powers. It is seen today as one of the keys to at last consummation the war as the Germans understood that they did not have the assets to win the fights important to win World War I.

India is similar (or not similar) to the Bodley profile of Tribal Essay

India is comparative (or not like) the Bodley profile of Tribal Culture - Essay Example However certain qualities of all were normal. For instance, culture is constantly founded on images which individuals hold in high regard; a culture of a locale is shared by the individuals living in that specific culture; a culture is found out, that is, it is instructed to everyone in the general public; and ultimately, culture is versatile; at the end of the day, as the world and times change, culture additionally advances. At the point when we discuss inborn culture we should recollect that it shifts incredibly all around. Certain societies in the Oceanic Islands, (for example, Fiji) would be savage, while innate locales in India are ardent veggie lovers. As indicated by Bodley however, certain highlights are a lot of the same; for instance, innate societies are prevalently farming based, with the locals creating their own food and not subject to outside sources. By definition, a clan for the most part comprises of a couple hundred individuals living respectively in settled towns. Their main method of picking up food is cultivating (plant or pastorical) and chasing and their economy is basic and simple. Individuals depend more on bargain, blessing trading, and work in return for merchandise, as opposed to on money and credit. Henceforth similarly, their money related status isn't as muddled as those living in increasingly industrialized societies. Not one or the other, truth be told, is their method of living. Ancestral societies are generally not as innovatively needy, depending for the most part on straightforward instruments for work. Their general public is regularly separated into various ancestries and ‘clans’ and the vast majority can follow their plummet to normal precursors. Each heredity and group has a comparable status in the clan, with specific individuals (most likely because of more prominent wealth, or experience) are talented with the title of ‘elders’ or ‘big men’. They are typically turned upward to and have significant impact in most innate choices. India is perhaps the biggest nation populace insightful, and its developing industrialization is an a worthy representative for its present and

John Miltons Personal Influence on the Writing of Paradise Lost free essay sample

A glance at John Miltons political and strict gathering in the novel 'Heaven Lost'. This paper analyzes John Miltons Paradise Lost and clarifies how it is something beyond another engaging story, but instead a strict and political gathering for Miltons individual perspectives and emotions. From the paper: 'Maybe Paradise Lost was something other than a scriptural story of humankind?s tumble from God?s elegance, out of heaven. It was more, it was a strict and political discussion for Milton to communicate his perspectives unopposed, by utilizing the contention of good and malice in Paradise Lost depicting his own methods of reasoning. With each battle he outlines his political and strict thoughts interfacing them with the contention of the primary subject presented in Book I, ?the creation, fall, and reclamation of the world and mankind? (Lazzari 367). With specific impacts throughout his life Milton?s convictions were formed into what they were during the levelheadedness of Paradise Lost. We will compose a custom paper test on John Miltons Personal Influence on the Writing of Paradise Lost or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page With these impacts and these convictions he composed a Paradise Lost.'

Ethical Business Dilema Free Essays

Moral Dilemma Analysis through the 8 inquiries model by Arthur Dobrin Case 1 †Rental Applicant 1. Realities †¢African-American candidate †¢Stable work history †¢More than enough salary to cover the lease †¢Good references from their past landowner †¢A couple with one youthful child (Family) †¢Before candidates acknowledged, rental specialist ought to have done an individual verification as a standard method. 2. We will compose a custom article test on Moral Business Dilema or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Realities we don’t know †¢Verifications of realities †lead a cross check oWhether or not the realities gave by the candidate are genuine ? Pay †Salary Statement ?References from landowner †Written letter/call Work History †Stable/Unstable work experience †¢Applicants conduct/propensity †past rental history oWhether or not they like to break rent or skip town †leave an unpaid lease †¢The explanation behind deferring the application oWhat does Kate mean by saying â€Å"in my experience†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ whether it’s really on account of her experience managing application or racial segregation. 3. Realities Interpretation †¢Stable work history ? stable †regardless of whether they have work long time or not (cross-check accreditation) †¢A family bound to be increasingly settled in one spot contrast with single status person. A decent reference from past proprietor implies that the candidate has a decent record of bei ng a decent occupant. †¢Have all that anyone could need pay implies that the candidate has the capacity to satisfy its commitment of paying the lease. 4. Stroll in another’s shoes (issue saw from others that included) †¢Kate may give a generalization perspective on the African-American candidate 5. Results †¢If we don’t take them : oWe may lose a decent inhabitant oWe may lose our business opportunity oWe may manufacture a severe picture to forthcoming client †¢If we take them : oThere’s a likelihood that we wind up having a default lease 6. Sentiments †¢Megan Perspective : â€Å"Look very good† for their application †¢Kate Perspective : â€Å"Don’t surge their application† †having negative recognition †¢Our Perspective : According to our inclination and in blend with the realities given (if it is valid), in addition to we can likewise attempt to decide dependent on the instinct from the non-verbal communication given by the candidate, in all likelihood we will acknowledge the candidate. 7. Still, small voice †¢Yes ? Given the reports are valid. †¢No ? Given the records are bogus. Confirmation whether the archives are valid or bogus should be possible by cross-checking the certification or potentially approving the realities. . Clarification and Justification †¢In settling on choice, it ought not be founded on close to home needs/sees or basically instinct/emotions, it ought to likewise be founded on impartial judgment from the realities given and approval. Given th e typical standard technique that should be satisfied from the record verification of the candidate and by checking completely all through the realities, the rental specialists ought to have the option to settle on a choice. Case 2 †Sabotage: Menu Not serving the enthusiasm of clients completely (by pushing other menu). By utilizing sound nourishment as a lure system to draw in clients, as per ‘Dave’. . Realities †¢Food is solid, yet the amount is constrained. †¢Coming up with another menu. †¢Huge consumption on promotion. 2. Realities we don’t know †¢Whether the nourishment which is ‘healthy’ is really sound. †¢Assumption whether this system will keep going for quite a while. †¢Whether or not individuals will purchase inexpensive food despite the fact that the menu is being pushed. 3. Realities Interpretation †¢New ‘healthy’ menu was propelled by the organization to reaction the open weight for mo re beneficial lunch decisions, hence by having new menu, numerous cash required to prepare and publicize the new menu. New menu propelled valued lower to bring new clients, accordingly there will be an impact on the company’s benefit. †¢The target of the business is to bring in cash for the investors, along these lines the business need to make benefit. Henceforth, in all probability organization issue would happen, which alludes to the moral difficulty between the investor premium and the CEO premium. †¢Dave, the head supervisor, needed the staff to push the ‘upsize’ menu alternatives and frozen yogurts for dessert, which this alludes to an issue of treachery. 4. Stroll in another’s shoes (issue saw from others that included) †¢According to Carol, the supervisor is progressively disposed towards his own benefit. As indicated by Dave it is quick to amplify the benefit and his own bonus. †¢According to client, they may be cheated into pu rchasing undesirable nourishment. 5. Outcomes †¢By consenting to Dave, the benefit may be higher for the time being, while by conflicting with Dave, the organization may miss out on the benefit. Be that as it may, by staying with the notoriety of the, it will help in the drawn out productivity. †¢She may lose her own position in the event that she doesn't consent to Dave plan. †¢But in the event that she doesn’t need to lose her employment, at that point in all likelihood she will have her own issue. 6. Sentiments If she consents to Dave, she will be sheltered, however on the off chance that she conflicts with him, she may lose her employment. (individual quandaries) 7. Heart †¢In request to spare the activity, Carol may let her inward still, small voice take the rearward sitting arrangement, since this is intellectual reverberation inside herself. Her choice will be founded on how she feels, regardless of whether it is fortunate or unfortunate. 8. Clarifi cation and Justification †¢If ‘yes’, she can say that her supervisor requested that her do as such. †¢If she says ‘no’, she can say her internal inner voice didn’t permit her and over the long haul, it won’t be helpful to the shopper and the organization. Instructions to refer to Ethical Business Dilema, Papers

How to Make Your Essay More Coherent

How to Make Your Essay More Coherent? Writing an essay can be stressful as there are a lot of factors to consider like essay form, essay hooks, writing hooks and essay form. Then you need to factor the abstract aspects, like writing ideas and writing inspiration. However, all of these rarely matters if your essay incoherent to begin with. You should aim first for a good coherent essay, and move from there. To help you improve the coherency of your essays, here are 5 important writing guide and tips. Sensible Overarching Structure One of the most important essay hacks, especially if you are aiming for a better coherence, is to first understand the fundamentals of a sensible overarching structure. This is a bit vague, so its best if we step back a bit. You can think of your essay in terms of levels. At the very fundamental level, there are the sentences. The next level is paragraphs. The next level is the sections and subsections. If you want to better your essay coherence, you would want something that connects everything from the very base level to the top level. To put this into essay writing tip in practice, start with a good essay outline. You should do this before even starting to type a single letter. You can ask questions like What am I trying to convey? and In what order should I convey it?. Answering these questions can tremendously help in developing a better coherent framework for your essay.

Descartes Aims in The Meditations - Literature Essay Samples

In the meditations, Descartes aims to provide a sound basis for science, and to vindicate rationalism by proving that true source of scientific knowledge lies in the mind and not the senses. In order to prove that the mind should be the true source of such knowledge, Descartes subjects all knowledge derived from the senses to doubt. He argues that as a child, he accept a large number of falsehoods and has subsequently built a whole edifice on them of a highly doubtful nature. He argues that such childhood prejudices arise naturally through immersion in the senses. He uses the example of optical illusions such as a stick in water appearing bent to show the unreliable nature of the information gathered through the senses, and argues that we should reject such information as a result. Here, Descartes leaves it solely to the individual to assess the reliability of knowledge. It could be argued that the reliability of sense data could in fact be improved though corroboration with others, and it should not simply be rejected. In order to provide a truly solid foundation for knowledge Descartes feels the need to subject all knowledge to doubt, and uses two thought experiments to do so. He says that we cannot doubt the things we see up close and in good light, equating such doubt with madness and dismissing the possibility that he is mad. In order to doubt even these perceptions, Descartes employs the dream argument, arguing that in dreams we appear to see things up close and in good light when in actual fact we do not. However, the dream argument has been objected to on the grounds that it is an asymmetric argument: simply because we are unsure we are asleep when we are dreaming, it does not necessarily follow that we do not know that we are awake when we are awake. Descartes does not stop at a posteriori knowledge he also feels the need to challenge the validity of mathematics and a priori knowledge. In order to do so he proposes the idea of an omnipotent being with the capability of deceiving us of even this knowledge. Descartes rejects the idea of a deceiver God, as God is by definition good and would not deceive us, and instead proposes an omnipotent evil demon. However, the very idea of deception relies upon the idea that we are not deceived all the time. As a result, it seems that the omnipotent demon could not in fact deceive us about all a priori knowledge as if this was the case there would be no such thing as deception. In this way, Descartes seems to fail in doubting all a priori knowledge. By using these sceptical arguments, Descartes claims to have demolished all existing opinions and allowed himself to start afresh and find a solid foundation for knowledge. However, through this very claim Descartes reveals that he has not infact doubted everything, as he continues to assume the truth of foundationalism and believes that it is possible to find a foundation of knowledge, when in fact it may not be. Furthermore, he fails to doubt logic, memory and language all tools used by Descartes throughout the Meditations, indicating that his doubt is in fact not universal. Alternatively, it could be suggested that Descartes method of doubt is in fact too extreme. By wanting all knowledge to have the certainty of maths and by discounting all sense data, it could be argued that Descartes simply sets the bar for knowledge too high. After Meditation One, Descartes greatest challenge seems to be to overcome his evil demon. It is in challenging his own existence with the evil demon hypothesis that Descartes claims to find a piece of certain knowledge, which will form the foundation for all other knowledge. He argues that the evil demon cannot deceive nothing into thinking that it exists when it does not, and therefore when he conceives that he is something he cannot be nothing. Descartes argues that the Cogito is indubitable, because if he is being deceived by an evil demon, he must exist. If true, the Cogito is of central importance to Descartes whole strategy it provides an ideal starting point from which he can build further truths. It provides certain knowledge not only about our ideas, but a substantive existential truth, not born of experiment or observation, but of thought alone. However, the Cogito has been criticised for its apparent use a suppressed premise namely, all thinking things exist. This premise is highly questionable, because it is not clear that the existence of thoughts necessarily imply a thinker. Hume argued that we have no right to assume this, and the Buddhist teaching advocates that the supposed self is impermanent. Alternatively, perhaps Descartes should have said there is thinking going on therefore there are thoughts, rather than making the inference between thinking and the existence of a thinker. Furthermore, Descartes strays from rationalism here, since thinking things exist seems to be an a posteriori observation. In this way, it is unlikely that the Cogito actually proves the existence of a self. In response to this, it has been argued that the Cogito does not use a suppressed premise and is in fact an analytic truth, with the concept of my present existence contained within that of my thinking, just as the concept female fox is contained within that of vixen. However, if the cogito truly was analytic, nothing substantial about the world could follow from it and it could not form the foundation of knowledge as analytic statements tell us about concepts, rather than reality. Furthermore, as argued by Kant and Russell, existence does not seem to be a property amongst other properties that can be assigned to things, but instead the condition of possibility for having properties at all. This is shown through the example of fictional characters we can talk of characters having thoughts, and in this way we can talk of non-existent thinkers whereas it is not possible to talk of male vixens. This suggests that there is no conceptual entailment between existence and thought. Russell also argued that the Cogito is a circular argument as it assumes what it sets out to prove, using the word I in an argument that looks to prove the existence of said I. Lichtenberg argued that this I is merely a linguistic convenience, similar to the it in it is raining, and that it does not actually refer to anything. In his failure to analyse these fundamental concepts, Descartes project could be seen as not radical enough, with empiricists arguing that it is subject to rationalist prejudices by regarding such concepts as innate rather than derived from experience. Descartes claim to have overcome the evil demon with the Cogito is also highly questionable. There does not seem to be any reason why an omnipotent being capable of deceiving Descartes regarding the logic of mathematics would be unable to deceive him regarding the logic and reasoning he has used in the Cogito. Indeed, by failing to employ truly universal doubt in meditation one, and doubt his own logic and reasoning, Descartes seems to have failed in his aim of providing a certain and indubitable foundation in the Cogito. Having apparently established the existence of his own existence through the Cogito, Descartes then attempts to rebuild knowledge and prove the existence of things beyond his own consciousness. In Meditation Three, Descartes assesses the knowledge he has so far acquired in order to find some distinguishing features of it that may help him to recognize other truths. He argues that what makes the Cogito certain is that he has a clear and distinct understanding of it, and therefore other things he understands clearly and distinctly may also be true; he uses the Cogito as a benchmark against which all other propositions can be measured. Clear and distinct ideas are those perceptions which are so self-evident that, while they are held in the mind, they cannot be logically doubted. By clear Descartes means those ideas that are present to the attentive mind and by distinct he means ideas that are not confused with anything that is not clear. The inductive leap between the Cogito as a piece of certain knowledge that is known clearly and distinctly and all clear and distinct knowledge being certain seems immediately problematic. Simply because the Cogito is known clearly and distinctly, it does not necessarily follow that all things perceived clearly and distinctly are true. Furthermore, an evil demon could easily deceive us regarding apparent clear and distinct perceptions. Descartes himself acknowledges the need dispel remaining doubts concerning clear and distinct beliefs. To do so, Descartes uses the Trademark Argument to prove the existence of God, the guarantor of clear and distinct beliefs. The argument is as follows: P1) I have an idea of God P2) In every cause there must be at least as much reality as in the effect P3) Since I am imperfect I cannot be responsible for this idea of perfection P4) Whatever caused the idea of perfection must be perfect C) Therefore, God exists Descartes argues that the existence of this perfect being guarantees the truth of clear and distinct ideas as, by its very definition, a perfect being would not deceive him. In this way, Descartes seems to overcome the deceiving creator of Meditation One and establish faith in a priori reasoning. However, it could be argued that the benevolence of a perfect God is necessarily incompatible with deception. An example of such a combination would be that of a loving parent deceiving her child about the existence of the tooth fairy. The greatest criticism of the trademark argument is that Descartes presupposes what he sets out to prove, employing a circular argument known as the Cartesian Circle. Where Descartes attempts to use the trademark argument to guarantee the truth of clear and distinct ideas, he seems to use many of these ideas within the argument itself. Gods existence is necessary in order to ensure that clear and distinct ideas are reliable, but clear and distinct ideas are what enable Descartes to know that God exists. The very idea of God as well as the idea of causation are supposedly clear and distinct ideas, both of which are used in the trademark argument to prove Gods existence. Furthermore, even if the truth of clear and distinct ideas can be ensured, they only seem to offer subjective truths to those who conceive them.